Reported Resistance Case(s)

Species: helicoverpa zea

Order	Family	Common Name(s)	Group	Host
lepidoptera	noctuidae	corn earworm	AG

Active Ingredient: Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac

MOA: Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes (includes transgenic crops), Bacillus thuringiensis (variety unstated)
Group: BAC	CAS #: 0	Shaugnessy Code: 0

Resistance Case(s)

Case Id	Year of Report	Type of Resistance	Location	Reference
G21942	2023	Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- FL	Reisig, D., Buntin, G. D., Greene, J. K., Paula-Moraes, S. V., Reay-Jones, F., Roberts, P., Smith, R., and Taylor, S. V. (2023). Magnitude and Extent of Helicoverpa zea Resistance Levels to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 across the Southeastern USA. Insects, 14(3) 262.
G21278	2021	Lab selected after field-evolved resistance**	USA-- Texas-- Snook	Yang, F., Santiago González, J.C., Head, G.P., Price, P.A., & Kerns, D.L. (2021). Multiple and non-recessive resistance to Bt proteins in a Cry2Ab2-resistant population of Helicoverpa zea. . Crop Protection., 145.
G21944	2023	Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- SC	Reisig, D., Buntin, G. D., Greene, J. K., Paula-Moraes, S. V., Reay-Jones, F., Roberts, P., Smith, R., and Taylor, S. V. (2023). Magnitude and Extent of Helicoverpa zea Resistance Levels to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 across the Southeastern USA. Insects, 14(3) 262.
G21943	2023	Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- NC	Reisig, D., Buntin, G. D., Greene, J. K., Paula-Moraes, S. V., Reay-Jones, F., Roberts, P., Smith, R., and Taylor, S. V. (2023). Magnitude and Extent of Helicoverpa zea Resistance Levels to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 across the Southeastern USA. Insects, 14(3) 262.
G21941	2023	Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- AL	Reisig, D., Buntin, G. D., Greene, J. K., Paula-Moraes, S. V., Reay-Jones, F., Roberts, P., Smith, R., and Taylor, S. V. (2023). Magnitude and Extent of Helicoverpa zea Resistance Levels to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 across the Southeastern USA. Insects, 14(3) 262.
G20616	2019	Lab selected after field-evolved resistance**	USA-- Georgia	Zhang, M.,Wei, J, Ni, X., Zhang, J., Jurat-Fuentes, J. L., Fabrick, J. A., Carrière, Y., Tabashnik, B. E., and Li, X. (2019). Decreased Cry1Ac activation by midgut proteases associated with Cry1Ac resistance in Helicoverpa zea. Pest Management Science, 75 1099-1106.
G21940	2023	Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- SC	Reisig, D., Buntin, G. D., Greene, J. K., Paula-Moraes, S. V., Reay-Jones, F., Roberts, P., Smith, R., and Taylor, S. V. (2023). Magnitude and Extent of Helicoverpa zea Resistance Levels to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 across the Southeastern USA. Insects, 14(3) 262.
G21939	2023	Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- NC	Reisig, D., Buntin, G. D., Greene, J. K., Paula-Moraes, S. V., Reay-Jones, F., Roberts, P., Smith, R., and Taylor, S. V. (2023). Magnitude and Extent of Helicoverpa zea Resistance Levels to Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab2 across the Southeastern USA. Insects, 14(3) 262.
G19966	2018	Lab selected* Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- Georgia-- Tifton	Zhang, M., Wei, J., Ni, X., Zhang, J., Jurat-Fuentes, J. L., Fabrick, J. A., Carriere, Y., Tabashnik, B. E., and Li, X. (2018). Decreased Cry1Ac activation by midgut proteases associated with Cry1Ac resistance in Helicoverpa zea. Pest Management Science.
G19974	2018	Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- Florida	Reisig, D. D., Huseth, A. S.., Bacheler, J. S., Aghaee, M-A., Braswell, L., Burrack, H. J., Flanders, K., Greene, J. K., Herbert, D. A., Jacobson, A., Paula-Moraes, S. V., Roberts, P., and Taylor, S. V. (2018). Long-term empirical and observational evidence of practical Helicoverpa zea resistance to cotton with pyramided Bt toxins. Journal of Economic Entomology, 111 (4) 1824-1833.
G19980	2018	Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- South Carolina	Reisig, D. D., Huseth, A. S.., Bacheler, J. S., Aghaee, M-A., Braswell, L., Burrack, H. J., Flanders, K., Greene, J. K., Herbert, D. A., Jacobson, A., Paula-Moraes, S. V., Roberts, P., and Taylor, S. V. (2018). Long-term empirical and observational evidence of practical Helicoverpa zea resistance to cotton with pyramided Bt toxins. Journal of Economic Entomology, 111 (4) 1824-1833.
G19977	2018	Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- North Carolina	Reisig, D. D., Huseth, A. S.., Bacheler, J. S., Aghaee, M-A., Braswell, L., Burrack, H. J., Flanders, K., Greene, J. K., Herbert, D. A., Jacobson, A., Paula-Moraes, S. V., Roberts, P., and Taylor, S. V. (2018). Long-term empirical and observational evidence of practical Helicoverpa zea resistance to cotton with pyramided Bt toxins. Journal of Economic Entomology, 111 (4) 1824-1833.
G19981	2018	Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- Virginia	Reisig, D. D., Huseth, A. S.., Bacheler, J. S., Aghaee, M-A., Braswell, L., Burrack, H. J., Flanders, K., Greene, J. K., Herbert, D. A., Jacobson, A., Paula-Moraes, S. V., Roberts, P., and Taylor, S. V. (2018). Long-term empirical and observational evidence of practical Helicoverpa zea resistance to cotton with pyramided Bt toxins. Journal of Economic Entomology, 111 (4) 1824-1833.
G19979	2018	Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- South Carolina	Reisig, D. D., Huseth, A. S.., Bacheler, J. S., Aghaee, M-A., Braswell, L., Burrack, H. J., Flanders, K., Greene, J. K., Herbert, D. A., Jacobson, A., Paula-Moraes, S. V., Roberts, P., and Taylor, S. V. (2018). Long-term empirical and observational evidence of practical Helicoverpa zea resistance to cotton with pyramided Bt toxins. Journal of Economic Entomology, 111 (4) 1824-1833.
G19976	2018	Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- North Carolina	Reisig, D. D., Huseth, A. S.., Bacheler, J. S., Aghaee, M-A., Braswell, L., Burrack, H. J., Flanders, K., Greene, J. K., Herbert, D. A., Jacobson, A., Paula-Moraes, S. V., Roberts, P., and Taylor, S. V. (2018). Long-term empirical and observational evidence of practical Helicoverpa zea resistance to cotton with pyramided Bt toxins. Journal of Economic Entomology, 111 (4) 1824-1833.
G19975	2018	Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- Georgia	Reisig, D. D., Huseth, A. S.., Bacheler, J. S., Aghaee, M-A., Braswell, L., Burrack, H. J., Flanders, K., Greene, J. K., Herbert, D. A., Jacobson, A., Paula-Moraes, S. V., Roberts, P., and Taylor, S. V. (2018). Long-term empirical and observational evidence of practical Helicoverpa zea resistance to cotton with pyramided Bt toxins. Journal of Economic Entomology, 111 (4) 1824-1833.
G17998	2015	Lab selected after field-evolved resistance**	USA-- Georiga	Orpet, R., Degain, B., Unnithan, G., Welch, K., Tabashnik, B., and Carriere, Y. (2015). Effects of dietary protein to carbohydrate ratio on Bt toxicity and fitness costs of resistance in Helicoverpa zea. Entomologica Experimentalis et Applicata, 156 28-36.
G19859	2018	Lab selected*	USA-- Georgia	Carriere, Y., Degain, B. A., Unnithan, G. C., Harpold, V. S., Heuberger, S., Li, X., and Tabashnik, B. E. (2018). Effects of seasonal changes in cotton plants on the evolution of resistance to pyramided cotton producing the Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry1F in Helicoverpa zea. Pest Management Science, 74 627-637.
G9082	2008	Lab selected*	USA-- Tennessee-- Union City	Anilkumar, K. J., Pusztai-Carey, M., and Moar, W. J. (2008). Fitness Costs Associated with Cry1Ac-Resistant Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) : A Factor Countering Selection for Resistance to Bt Cotton?. Journal of Economic Entomology, 101 1421-1431.
G19968	2013	Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- Georgia-- Tifton	Brévault, T., Heuberger, S., Zhang, M., Ellers-Kirk, C., Ni, X., Masson, L., Li, X., Tabashnik, B. E., and Carriere, Y. (2013). Potential shortfall of pyramided transgenic cotton for insect resistance management. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110.
G19967	2013	Lab selected* Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- Georgia-- Tifton	Brévault, T., Heuberger, S., Zhang, M., Ellers-Kirk, C., Ni, X., Masson, L., Li, X., Tabashnik, B. E., and Carriere, Y. (2013). Potential shortfall of pyramided transgenic cotton for insect resistance management. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110.
G9085	2008	Lab selected*	USA-- Tennessee-- Union City	Anilkumar, K. J., Pusztai-Carey, M., and Moar, W. J. (2008). Fitness Costs Associated with Cry1Ac-Resistant Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) : A Factor Countering Selection for Resistance to Bt Cotton?. Journal of Economic Entomology, 101 1421-1431.
G9084	2008	Lab selected*	USA-- Tennessee-- Union City	Anilkumar, K. J., Pusztai-Carey, M., and Moar, W. J. (2008). Fitness Costs Associated with Cry1Ac-Resistant Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) : A Factor Countering Selection for Resistance to Bt Cotton?. Journal of Economic Entomology, 101 1421-1431.
G9083	2008	Lab selected*	USA-- Tennessee-- Union City	Anilkumar, K. J., Pusztai-Carey, M., and Moar, W. J. (2008). Fitness Costs Associated with Cry1Ac-Resistant Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) : A Factor Countering Selection for Resistance to Bt Cotton?. Journal of Economic Entomology, 101 1421-1431.

*The population was created solely by selection and/or genetic manipulation.
**The population was selected further in the laboratory after collection.