Reported Resistance Case(s)

Species: musca domestica

Order	Family	Common Name(s)	Group	Host
diptera	muscidae	house fly	MED

Active Ingredient: imidacloprid

MOA: Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor agonists / antagonists, Neonicotinoids
Group: NICO	CAS #: 138261-41-3	Shaugnessy Code: 129099

Resistance Case(s)

Case Id	Year of Report	Type of Resistance	Location	Reference
G20161	2019	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Lahore	Khan, H. A A. (2019). Characterization of permethrin resistance in a Musca domestica strain: resistance development, cross-resistance potential and realized heritability. Pest Managment Science, Early View.
G16071	2014	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Lahore	Khan, H.A.A., Akram, W., Ali Shad, S. (2014). Genetics, cross-resistance and mechanism of resistance to spinosad in a field strain of Musca domestica L.(Diptera:Muscidae). Acta Tropica, 130 148-154.
G16130	2014	Lab selected* Lab selected after field-evolved resistance**	USA-- Florida	Kavi, L.A.K., Kaufman, P., Scott, J. (2014). Genetics and mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in house flies. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 109 64-69.
G16712	2014	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Multan District	Abbas, N., Khan, H., and Ali Shad, S. (2014). Cross-Resistance, stability, and fitness cost of resistance to imidacloprid in Musca domestica L., (Diptera: Muscidae). Parasitology Research.
G16714	2014	Lab selected after field-evolved resistance**	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Multan District	Abbas, N., Khan, H., and Ali Shad, S. (2014). Cross-Resistance, stability, and fitness cost of resistance to imidacloprid in Musca domestica L., (Diptera: Muscidae). Parasitology Research.
G10558	2010	Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- Florida-- Gilchrist, Lafayette, Okeechobee, Alachua	Kaufman, P.E., Nunez, S.C., Geden, C.J., Scharf, M.E. (2010). Selection for Resistance to Imidacloprid in the House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Veterinary Entomology, 103 1937-1942.
G10079	2010	Field Evolved Resistance	USA-- Florida-- Lafayette	Kaufman, P.E., Nunez, S.C., Mann, R.S., Geden, C.J., Scharf, M.E. (2010). Nicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticide resistance in houseflies (Diptera: Muscidae) collected from Florida Dairies. Pest Management Science, 66 290-294.
G13701	2012	Lab selected after field-evolved resistance**	China-- Beijing	Li, J., Wang, Q., Zhang, L., Gao, X. (2012). Characterization of imidacloprid resistance in the housefly Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 102 109-114.
G6463	2000	Unspecified	USA-- Alabama	Liu, N. and X. Yue. (2000). Insecticide resistance and cross-resistance in the house fly (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Econ. Entomol., 93(4) 1269-1275.

*The population was created solely by selection and/or genetic manipulation.
**The population was selected further in the laboratory after collection.