Reported Resistance Case(s)

Species: spodoptera litura

Order	Family	Common Name(s)	Group	Host
lepidoptera	noctuidae	mediterranean climbing cutworm	AG	Tobacco

Active Ingredient: emamectin benzoate

MOA: Chloride channel activators, Avermectins, Milbemycins
Group: ABM	CAS #: 137512-74-4	Shaugnessy Code: 122806

Resistance Case(s)

Case Id	Year of Report	Type of Resistance	Location	Reference
G20262	2019	Field Evolved Resistance	China-- Guangdong Province-- Huizhou	Wang X., Lou, L., and Su J. (2019). Prevalence and stability of insecticide resistances in field population of T Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Huizhou, Guangdong Province, China. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 22 728-732.
G20158	2018	Field Evolved Resistance	China-- Jintang-- Chengdu	Xuegui, Wang & Huang, Qian & Hao, Qiang & Ran, Shuang & Wu, Yaqiong & Cui, Peng & Yang, Jing & Jiang, Chunxian & Yang, Qunfang. (2018). Insecticide resistance and enhanced cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity in field populations of Spodoptera litura from Sichuan, China.. Crop Protection., 106 110-116.
G20157	2018	Field Evolved Resistance	China-- Suining-- Chuanshan	Xuegui, Wang & Huang, Qian & Hao, Qiang & Ran, Shuang & Wu, Yaqiong & Cui, Peng & Yang, Jing & Jiang, Chunxian & Yang, Qunfang. (2018). Insecticide resistance and enhanced cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity in field populations of Spodoptera litura from Sichuan, China.. Crop Protection., 106 110-116.
G20155	2018	Field Evolved Resistance	China-- Meishan-- Dongpo	Xuegui, Wang & Huang, Qian & Hao, Qiang & Ran, Shuang & Wu, Yaqiong & Cui, Peng & Yang, Jing & Jiang, Chunxian & Yang, Qunfang. (2018). Insecticide resistance and enhanced cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity in field populations of Spodoptera litura from Sichuan, China.. Crop Protection., 106 110-116.
G20156	2018	Field Evolved Resistance	China-- Leshan-- Shizhong	Xuegui, Wang & Huang, Qian & Hao, Qiang & Ran, Shuang & Wu, Yaqiong & Cui, Peng & Yang, Jing & Jiang, Chunxian & Yang, Qunfang. (2018). Insecticide resistance and enhanced cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity in field populations of Spodoptera litura from Sichuan, China.. Crop Protection., 106 110-116.
G15578	2014	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Multan	Rehan, A., and Freed, S. (2014). Selection, mechanism, cross resistance and stability of spinosad resistance in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Crop Protection, 56 10-15.
G16193	2014	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Multan	Rehan, A., Freed, S. (2014). Resistance selection, mechanism and stability of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to methoxyfenozide. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 110 7-12.
G15566	2014	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Mianchanu	Rehan, A., and Freed, S. (2014). Selection, mechanism, cross resistance and stability of spinosad resistance in Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Crop Protection, 56 10-15.
G15260	2013	Field Evolved Resistance	China-- Hunan-- Chenzhou	Tong, H., Su, Q., Zhou, X., and Bai, L. (2013). Field resistance of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates and four newer chemistry insecticides in Hunan, China. Journal of Pest Science, 86 599-609.
G15259	2013	Field Evolved Resistance	China-- Hunan-- Yiyang	Tong, H., Su, Q., Zhou, X., and Bai, L. (2013). Field resistance of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates and four newer chemistry insecticides in Hunan, China. Journal of Pest Science, 86 599-609.
G15257	2013	Field Evolved Resistance	China-- Hunan-- Changsha	Tong, H., Su, Q., Zhou, X., and Bai, L. (2013). Field resistance of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates and four newer chemistry insecticides in Hunan, China. Journal of Pest Science, 86 599-609.
G15258	2013	Field Evolved Resistance	China-- Hunan-- Yiyang	Tong, H., Su, Q., Zhou, X., and Bai, L. (2013). Field resistance of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates and four newer chemistry insecticides in Hunan, China. Journal of Pest Science, 86 599-609.
G18844	2016	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Faisalabad	Saleem, M., Hussain, D., Ghouse, G., and Abbas, M. (2016). Monitoring of insecticide resistance in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from four districts of Punjab, Pakistan to conventional and new chemistry insecticides. Crop Protection, 79 177-184.
G18837	2016	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Lodhran	Saleem, M., Hussain, D., Ghouse, G., and Abbas, M. (2016). Monitoring of insecticide resistance in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from four districts of Punjab, Pakistan to conventional and new chemistry insecticides. Crop Protection, 79 177-184.
G18838	2016	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Kahror Pacca	Saleem, M., Hussain, D., Ghouse, G., and Abbas, M. (2016). Monitoring of insecticide resistance in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from four districts of Punjab, Pakistan to conventional and new chemistry insecticides. Crop Protection, 79 177-184.
G18842	2016	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Multan	Saleem, M., Hussain, D., Ghouse, G., and Abbas, M. (2016). Monitoring of insecticide resistance in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from four districts of Punjab, Pakistan to conventional and new chemistry insecticides. Crop Protection, 79 177-184.
G18840	2016	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Dunyapur	Saleem, M., Hussain, D., Ghouse, G., and Abbas, M. (2016). Monitoring of insecticide resistance in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from four districts of Punjab, Pakistan to conventional and new chemistry insecticides. Crop Protection, 79 177-184.
G18836	2016	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Lodhran	Saleem, M., Hussain, D., Ghouse, G., and Abbas, M. (2016). Monitoring of insecticide resistance in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from four districts of Punjab, Pakistan to conventional and new chemistry insecticides. Crop Protection, 79 177-184.
G18841	2016	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Multan	Saleem, M., Hussain, D., Ghouse, G., and Abbas, M. (2016). Monitoring of insecticide resistance in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from four districts of Punjab, Pakistan to conventional and new chemistry insecticides. Crop Protection, 79 177-184.
G18839	2016	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Dunyapur	Saleem, M., Hussain, D., Ghouse, G., and Abbas, M. (2016). Monitoring of insecticide resistance in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from four districts of Punjab, Pakistan to conventional and new chemistry insecticides. Crop Protection, 79 177-184.
G18835	2016	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Bahawalpur	Saleem, M., Hussain, D., Ghouse, G., and Abbas, M. (2016). Monitoring of insecticide resistance in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from four districts of Punjab, Pakistan to conventional and new chemistry insecticides. Crop Protection, 79 177-184.
G16156	2014	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab	Zaka, S.M., Abbas, N., Shad, S. A., Shah, R., M. (2014). Effect of emamectin benzoate on life history traits and relative fitness of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Phytoparasitica.
G18843	2016	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Faisalabad	Saleem, M., Hussain, D., Ghouse, G., and Abbas, M. (2016). Monitoring of insecticide resistance in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from four districts of Punjab, Pakistan to conventional and new chemistry insecticides. Crop Protection, 79 177-184.
G10536	2009	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan	Shad, S.A., Sayyeh, A.H., and Saleem, M.A. (2009). Cross-resistance, mode of inheritance and stability of resistance to emamectin in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Pest Management Science, 66 839-846.
G9906	2008	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Punjab-- Multan	Sayyed, A.H., Ahmad, M., Saleem, M.A. (2008). Cross-Resistance and Genetics of Resistance to Indoxacarb in Spodoptera litura (lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 101 472-479.
G14425	2012	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Lodhran	Shad, S., Sayyed, A., Fazal, S., Saleem, M., Zaka, S., and Ali, M. (2012). Field evolved resistance to carbamates, organophosphates, pyrethroids, and new chemistry insecticides in Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Pesticide Science, 85 153-162.
G14424	2012	Field Evolved Resistance	Pakistan-- Bahawalpur	Shad, S., Sayyed, A., Fazal, S., Saleem, M., Zaka, S., and Ali, M. (2012). Field evolved resistance to carbamates, organophosphates, pyrethroids, and new chemistry insecticides in Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Pesticide Science, 85 153-162.

*The population was created solely by selection and/or genetic manipulation.
**The population was selected further in the laboratory after collection.